рдирдП рднрд╛рд░рдд рдХрд╛ рдЕрд░реНрдереАрдХ рдордВрддреНрд░: рд╕реНрд╡рджреЗрд╢реА

1850 рд╕реЗ1904 рддрдХ рдЪрд▓реЗрджреЗрд╢ рдХрд╛ рдкрд╣рд▓рд╛ рд╕реНрд╡рджреЗрд╢реА рдЕрд╕рднрдпрд╛рди рдЖрдЬ рдХреЗ рд╕рдордп рдореЗрдВрдЙрддрдирд╛ рд╣реА рдкреНрд░рд╛рд╕рд┐рдВрд╕рдЧрдХ рд╣реИрд╕рдЬрддрдирд╛
рдЖреЫрд╛рджреА рдХреЗ рд╕рд┐рдВрдЧреНрд░рд╛рдо рдореЗрдВрдерд╛ред рдмрд╛рдмрд╛ рд░рд╛рдо рд╕рд╕рд┐рдВрд╣ рдХреВрдХрд╛, рд╡рд╣ рдкрд╣рд▓рд╛ рдирд╛рдо рдерд╛ , рд╕рдЬрдиреНрд╣реЛрдВрдиреЗрджреЗрд╢ рдореЗрдВрд╕рдмрд╕реЗрдкрд╣рд▓реЗрд╕реНрд╡рджреЗрд╢реА рдХрд╛
рд╕рдмрдЧрд▓реБ рдлреВрд┐рдВрдХрд╛ рдерд╛ред рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЛрдВрдиреЗрджреЗрд╢рд╡рд╛рд╕рд╕рдпреЛрдВ рд╕реЗрджреЗрд╢ рдореЗрдВрдмрдиреЗрдХрдкрдбреЗрдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдХрд░рдиреЗрдХрд╛ рдЖрдЧреНрд░рд╣ рд╕рдХрдпрд╛ рдерд╛ ред
рдЖреЫрд╛рджреА рдХреЗрдмрд╛рдж рджреЗрд╢ рдореЗрдВрдЖрд╕рдерд┐рдХ рдкрдХреНрд╖ рдХреЛ рдордЬрдмреВрддреА рджреЗрдиреЗрдХреЗ рд╕рд▓рдП рдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рджрди рдкрд░ реЫреЛрд░ рд╕рджрдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ред рдкрд░рдиреНрддреБрджреЗрд╢ рдореЗрдВрдЧрд░реАрдмреА
рдХрд╛ рджрд╖реНреБрдЪрдХреНрд░ рдерд╛ рдФрд░ рд╕рдЬрд╕рдХрд╛ рдордЦреНреБрдпрд╛ рдХрд╛рд░рдг рдерд╛ рджреЗрд╢ рдХреА рдХрдо рдЖрдп рд╣реЛрдирд╛ред рджреЗрд╢ рдореЗрдВрдЫреЛрдЯреЗрдмрд╛рдЬрд╛рд░ , рдЫреЛрдЯреЗрдЙрджреНрджреЛрдЧрдкрд╕рдд ,
рдЧрд╛рд┐рдВрд╡-рд╢рд╣рд░ рдХреЛ рдЬреЛреЬрдиреЗрд╡рд╛рд▓реЗрдкрд░рд░рд╡рд╣рди рдХреА рдХрдореА рдФрд░ рдЕрдиреНрдп рдРрд╕реЗрдХрдИ рдХрд╛рд░рдг рдереЗрд╕рдЬрд╕рдХреА рд╡рдЬрд╣ рд╕реЗрд╕рдирд╡реЗрд╢ рднреА рдмрд╣реБрдд
рдХрдореА рдереАред рдЙрди рд╕рджрдиреЛрдВ рд╕рд╛рд╡рд┐рдЬрд╕рдирдХ рдХреНрд╖реЗрддреНрд░реЛрдВ рдореЗрдВрдХрд╛рдо рдХрд░рдиреЗрдХрд┐рдВрдкрд╕рдирдпреЛрдВ рдиреЗрдЖрд╕рдерд┐рдХ рдореЛрдЪрд╛рд┐ рд╕рд┐рдВрднрд╛рд▓рд╛ред рджреЗрд╢ рдХреА 85 %
рдЬрдирд╕рдЦреНрдБ рдпрд╛ рдЧреНрд░рд╛рдореАрдг рдХреНрд╖реЗрддреНрд░реЛрдВ рдореЗрдВрд░рд╣рддреА рдереА рдФрд░ рдЙрдирдХреЗ рдЖрдп рдХрд╛ рдордЦреНреБрдп рд╢реНрд░реЛрдд рдЦреЗрддреА рдереАред рдЙрд╕рдЪрдд рд╕рд╣рд╛рдпрддрд╛ рдХреЗ рдЖрднрд╛рд╡ рдореЗрдВ
рд╕рд╛рд╡рд┐рдЬрд╕рдирдХ рдХреНрд╖реЗрддреНрд░ рдЕрдкрдиреА рдХреНрд╖рдорддрд╛ рд╕реЗ рдХрдо рд╕рд╡рдХрд╛рд╕ рдореЗрдВ рдпреЛрдЧрджрд╛рди рджреЗ рдкрд╛рдПред рдЙрд╕рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рдж рдПрдХ рдж рд░ рд╕рдирдЬреАрдХрд░рдг
(Privatization ) рдХрд╛ рднреА рдЖрдпрд╛ред рдРрд╕рд╛ рдорд╛рди рд╕рд▓рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рдерд╛ рд╕рдХ рд╕рд╛рд╡рд┐рдЬрд╕рдирдХ рдХреНрд╖реЗрддреНрд░ рд╕рд╡рдлрд▓ рд╣реЛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рд╣реИрдФрд░ рдЗрд╕рдХрд╛
рдПрдХрдорд╛рддреНрд░ рдЙрдкрд╛рдп рд╕рдирдЬреАрдХрд░рдг рд╣реА рд╣реИред рдлрд▓рд╕реНрд╡рд░реВрдк 1991 рдореЗрдВрдирдИ рдЖрд╕рдерд┐рдХ рд╕рдирд╕рдд (New Economic Policy) рдмрдиреА
рд╕рдЬрд╕рдХреЗ рдХрд╛рд░рдг рдХрдИ рд╕рд░рдХрд╛рд░реА рдХрдореНрдкрд╕рдирдпреЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рд╕рдирдЬреАрдХрд░рдг рд╣реБрдЖред рд╕рд╛рде рд╣реА рд╕рд╛рде рдкреНрд░рддреНрдпрдХреНрд╖ рд╕рд╡рджреЗрд╢реА рд╕рдирд╡реЗрд╢ (Fdi ) рдХреЛ
рднрд╛рд░рдд рдореЗрдВ(FEMA ) рдХреЗ рдЕрд┐рдВрддрдЧрд┐рдд рд╕реНрд╡реАрдХреГрд╕рдд рд╕рдорд▓реАред рдкрд░рддрд┐рдВ реБрд╡реИрд╢реНрд╡реАрдХрд░рдг рдХреЗ рдирд╛рдо рдкрд░ рднрд╛рд░рдд рдореЗрдВрдЬреЛ рд▓реВрдЯ рдХреА рдЧрдпреА, рд╡рд╣ рд╣рдо
рд╕рднреА рд╕реЗрд╕рдЫрдкреА рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реИред
рднрд╛рд░рдд 1995 рдореЗрдВрд╕рд╡рд╢реНрд╡ рд╡реНрдпрд╛рдкрд╛рд░ рд╕рд┐рдВрдЧрдарди рдХрд╛ рд╕рджрд╕реНрдп рдмрдирд╛ред рдРрд╕рд╛ рджреЗрдЦрдиреЗрдореЗрдВрдЖрдпрд╛ рд╣реИрд╕рдХ рд╕рд┐рдВрдпрдХреНрддреБ рд░рд╛рд╖реНрд░рд╕рд┐рдВрдШ рд╕реЗрдЬрдбреБреА
рд╕рд┐рдВрд╕реНрдерд╛рдПрд┐рдВ рдХреБрдЫ рджреЗрд╢реЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдЗрд╢рд╛рд░реЗрдкрд░ рдХрд╛рдо рдХрд░ рд░рд╣реА рд╣реИрдВ, рдЪрд╛рд╣реЗрд╡рд╣ рд╕рд╡рд╢реНрд╡ рд╡реНрдпрд╛рдкрд╛рд░ рд╕рд┐рдВрдЧрдарди рд╣реЛ рдпрд╛ рд╡рддрд┐рдорд╛рди рд╕рд╕реНрдерд╕рдд рдореЗрдВрд╕рд╡рд╢реНрд╡
рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНреНрдп рд╕рд┐рдВрдЧрдарди (WHO) ред рдлреНрд░реА рд░реЗрдб/рдордХреНрддреБ рд╡реНрдпрд╛рдкрд╛рд░ рдХреА рд╡рдХрд╛рд▓рдд рдХрд░рдиреЗрд╡рд╛рд▓реЗрджреЗрд╢ рд╕рд╕рдлрд┐ рдЕрдкрдиреЗрджреЗрд╢ рдХреЗ рд╕рдирдпрд╛рд┐рдд рдХреЛ
рдкреНрд░рд╛рдерд╕рдордХрддрд╛ рджреЗрддреЗрд╣реИрдВрдФрд░ рд╕рд╡рдХрд╛рд╕рд╢реАрд▓ рджреЗрд╢реЛрдВ рдХреА рдЖрд╕рдерд┐рдХ рдЧрд╕рдд рдХреЛ рд╣рд╛рд╕рди рдкрд╣реБрдЪрдБ рд╛рдиреЗрдХрд╛ рдХрд╛рдо рдХрд░рддреЗрд╣реИрдВред рдЙрджрд╛рд╣рд░рдг рдХреЗ
рд╕рд▓рдП рдЪреАрди рдиреЗрд╕рд╡рд╢реНрд╡ рд╡реНрдпрд╛рдкрд╛рд░ рд╕рд┐рдВрдЧрдарди рдХреА рд╕рджрд╕реНрдпрддрд╛ 2001 рдореЗрдВрдкреНрд░рд╛рдкреНрдд рдХреА рдФрд░ рдЯреИрд░рд░рдл рдиреАрд╕рдд рдХрд╛ рдлрд╛рдпрджрд╛ рдЙрдард╛рдпрд╛ред рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЛрдВрдиреЗ
рдЕрдкрдиреЗрджреЗрд╢ рдореЗрдВрдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рджрдХреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдмреЬреА рдорд╛рддреНрд░рд╛ рдореЗрдВрдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рджрди рдХрд░рдиреЗрдХреЛ рдХрд╣рд╛ рдФрд░ рд╕рдирдпрд╛рд┐рдд рдкрд░ рд╕рд╕рд╕рд╕рдбреА рджрдиреЗрдХрд╛ рдХрд╛рдо рд╕рдХрдпрд╛ ред
рдкрд░рд░рдгрд╛рдо рд╕реНрд╡рд░реБрдк рдЪреАрди рджрд╕реБрдирдпрд╛ рдХрд╛ рдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рджрди рдХреЗрдВрджреНрд░ рдмрдирд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рдФрд░ рд╕рд╡рд╢реНрд╡ рдХреЗ рдЕрдиреНрдп рджреЗрд╢реЛрдВ рдореЗрдВрдбрд┐рдВрд╕рдкрдЧрд┐рдВ рдХрд░рдирд╛ рд╢рд░реВреБ рдХрд░ рд╕рджрдпрд╛ ред
1999 рдореЗрдВрджреЛ рдЪреАрдиреА рд╕реЗрдирд╛ рдХреЗ рдЕрдлрд╕рд░реЛрдВ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рд╕рд▓рдЦреА рдЧрдпреА рдкрд╕реНреБрддрдХ “The Unrestricted Warfare” рдореЗрдВрдмрддрд╛рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛
рд╣реИрд╕рдХ рдпрд╕рдж рдХреЛрдИ рджреЗрд╢ рдЖрд╕рдерд┐рдХ рд░реВрдк рд╕реЗ, рд╕реИрдиреНрдп рд╢рд╕рдХреНрдд,рддрдХрдиреАрд╕рдХ рдд рд░ рдкрд░ рдордЬрдмреВрдд рд╣реИ, рдЙрд╕ рд╕реНрдерд╕рдд рдореЗрдВрдЙрд╕реЗрдХреИрд╕реЗрд╣рд░рд╛рдпрд╛
рдЬрд╛ рд╕рдХрддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдЙрдирдореЗрдВрд╕реЗрдПрдХ рд╣реИрдЬреИрд╕рд╡рдХ рдпрджреНрдзреБ (Biological Warfare) рдФрд░ рдЙрд╕рдХрд╛ рдЙрджрд╛рд╣рд░рдг рд╣реИрдХреЛрд░реЛрдирд╛ рд╡рд╛рдпрд░рд╕ред
рджрд╕реБрдирдпрд╛ рдиреЗрдЕрдм рдпрд╣ рдорд╛рди рд╕рд▓рдпрд╛ рд╣реИрд╕рдХ рдЗрд╕ рд╡реИрд╕рд╢реНрд╡рдХ рдорд╣рд╛рдорд╛рд░реА рдХреЗрдкреАрдЫреЗрдЪреАрди рдХрд╛ рд╣реА рд╣рд╛рде рд╣реИред рдЗрд╕рд╕рд▓рдП рдордЭреБреЗрдЗрд╕реЗрдЪреАрдиреА
рд╡рд╛рдпрд░рд╕ рдХрд╣рдиреЗрдореЗрдВрдХреЛрдИ рд╕рд┐рдВрдХреЛрдЪ рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реИ ред

рдЗрд╕ рдорд╣рд╛рдорд╛рд░реА рдиреЗрди рд╕рд╕рдлрд┐ рднрд╛рд░рдд рдХреЛ рдмрд╕рдХрдХ рдкреВрд░реЗрд╕рд╡рд╢реНрд╡ рдХреЛ рд╕рдкрдЫрд▓реЗрдЪрд╛рд░ рдорд╣реАрдиреЛрдВ рд╕реЗ рд╕рд╣рд▓рд╛ рдХрд░ рд░рдЦ рд╕рджрдпрд╛ рд╣реИред рдпрд╕рдж рдмрд╛рдд
рдХрд░реЗрдВрднрд╛рд░рдд рдХреА , 22 рдорд╛рдЪрд┐2020 рд╕реЗрд╣реА рджреЗрд╢ рд▓реЙрдХрдбрд╛рдЙрди рдореЗрдВрд╣реИред рдкрд░рдиреНрддреБрдЕрдм рдРрд╕рд╛ рджреЗрдЦрдиреЗрдореЗрдВрдЖрдпрд╛ рд╣реИрд╕рдХ рдЗрд╕рд╕реЗрдЕрдм
рдХрдИ рдирдИ рдкрд░рд╢реЗ рд╛рд╕рдирдпреЛрдВ рдиреЗрдЬрдиреНрдо рд▓реЗрд╕рд▓рдпрд╛ рд╣реИрд╕рдЬрд╕рдореЗрдмреЗрд░реЛреЫрдЧрд╛рд░реА рдФрд░ рдкрд▓рд╛рдпрди рдордЦреНреБрдп рд╣реИред рдЕрдЧрд░ рджреЗрдЦрд╛ рдЬрд╛рдпреЗрддреЛ рдЗрд╕
рдорд╣рд╛рдорд╛рд░реА рдиреЗрд╣рдо рд╕рднреА рдХреЗ рд╕рдордХреНрд╖ рдПрдХ рдирдП рдкрд╣рд▓реБрдХреА рдУрд░ рд░реБрдЦ рдХрд░рдиреЗрдХреЛ рд╕рд╡рд╡рд╢ рдХреНрд░ рд╕рджрдпрд╛ рд╣реИрдФрд░ рд╡рд╣ рдкрд╣рд▓реБрд╣реИ-
рд╕реНрд╡рджреЗрд╢реАред
рдЗрд╕ рдж рд░рд╛рди рдРрд╕реЗрдХрдИ рджреГрд╢реНрдп рд╕рд╛рдордиреЗрдЖрдпреЗрд╕рдЬрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВрджреЗрдЦрдХрд░ рдСрдЦрд┐рдВ реЗрдВрдирдо рд╣реЛ рдЧрдпреАрдВ рдФрд░ рдЗрди рд╕рднреА рдХрд╛ рдордЦреНреБрдп рдХрд╛рд░рдг рд╣реИ
рдмреЗрд░реЛреЫрдЧрд╛рд░реА рдФрд░ рдкрд▓рд╛рдпрдиред рдкреНрд░рдзрд╛рдирдорддреНрд░рд┐рдВ реА рдЬреА рдиреЗрджреЗрд╢ рдХреЛ рд╕рдореНрдмреЛрд╕рдзрдд рдХрд░рддреЗрд╣реБрдП рдЖрддреНрдорд╕рдирднрд┐рд░ рднрд╛рд░рдд рдХреА рдмрд╛рдд рдмрддрд╛рдИ рд╣реИред
рдкреНрд░рдзрд╛рдирдорддреНрд░рд┐рдВ реА рдиреЗрд╕реНрд╡рджреЗрд╢реА рдЖрд╕рдерд┐рдХ рдореЙрдбрд▓ рдХреЛ рдмрд▓ рджреЗрддреЗрд╣реБрдП рдХрд╣рд╛ рд╣реИрд╕рдХ рд╣рдореЗрд▓реЛрдХрд▓ рдХреЗ рд╕рд▓рдП рд╡реЛрдХрд▓ рд╣реЛрдиреЗ рдХреА
рдЖрд╡рд╢реНрдпрдХрддрд╛ рд╣реИред рд░рд╛рд╖реНрд░реАрдп рд╕реНрд╡рдпрд┐рдВрд╕реЗрд╡рдХ рд╕рд┐рдВрдШ рдХреЗ рдЖрд╕рдерд┐рдХ рдкрдХреНрд╖ рд╕реЗрдЬреЬреБреЗрдЕрдирд╕реБрд┐рдВрдЧрд╕рдЧрдХ рд╕рд┐рдВрдЧрдарди рд╕реНрд╡рджреЗрд╢реА рдЬрд╛рдЧрд░рдг рдорд┐рдВрдЪ
рд╕рдкрдЫрд▓реЗрддреАрди рджрд╢рдХреЛрдВ рд╕реЗрд╕реНрд╡рджреЗрд╢реА рдЖрд╕рдерд┐рдХ рдореЙрдбрд▓ рдХреА рд╡рдХрд╛рд▓рдд рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд░рд╣рд╛ рд╣реИред рдЖрддреНрдорд╕рдирднрд┐рд░рддрд╛ рдХреЛ рдпрд╕рдж рд╕рд░рд▓ рднрд╛рд╖рд╛ рдореЗрдВ
рд╕рдордЭрдирд╛ рд╣реЛ рддреЛ рдПрдХ рдорддреНрд░рд┐рдВ рдЕрд╡рд╢реНрдп рдзреНрдпрд╛рди рдореЗрдВрд░рд╣рдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╕рд╣рдП, “рдЪрд╛рд╣рдд рдореЗрдВрджреЗрд╕реА, реЫрд░реВрд░рдд рдореЗрдВрд╕реНрд╡рджреЗрд╢реА , рдордЬрдмреВрд░реА рдореЗрдВрд╕рд╡рджреЗрд╢реА ” l
рджреЗрд╢реА рдХреА рдЖрд╕рдерд┐рдХ рд╕рд╕реНрдерд╕рдд рдХреЛ рдкрдиреБрдЬреАрд╕рд╡рдд рдХрд░рдиреЗрдХреЗ рд╕рд▓рдП рд╣рдореЗрдВрджреЗрд╢ рдореЗрдВрд╕рдирд╕рдорд┐рдд рдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рджреЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рдЗрд╕реНрддреЗрдорд╛рд▓ рдХрд░рдирд╛ рд╣реЛрдЧрд╛
рд╕рдЬрд╕рд╕реЗрд░реЛрдЬрдЧрд╛рд░ рд╕рдорд▓ рд╕рдХреЗред рдЗрд╕ рдкрд╣рд▓реБрдХреЛ рдзреНрдпрд╛рди рдореЗрдВрд░рдЦрддреЗрд╣реБрдП рднрд╛рд░рдд рд╕рд░рдХрд╛рд░ рдиреЗ20 рд▓рд╛рдЦ рдХрд░реЛреЬ рдХрд╛ рдкреНрд░рд╛рд╡рдзрд╛рди рднреА
рд╕рдХрдпрд╛ рд╣реИред рдЕрдХрдкрдХрд╛рд▓реАрди рд╕рдорд╛рдзрд╛рди рдпрд╣ рд╣реИрд╕рдХ рджреЗрд╢ рдореЗрдВрдордЬрджреВрд░ рд╡рдЧрд┐ рдХреЗ рд╕рд▓рдП рд░реЛрдЬрдЧрд╛рд░ рдХреА рд╡реНрдпрд╡рд╕реНрдерд╛ рдХреА рдЬрд╛рдпреЗред рдРрд╕рд╛
рджреЗрдЦрдиреЗрдореЗрдВрдЖрдпрд╛ рд╣реИрдХреА рдмрд╣реБрд░рд╛рд╖реНрд░реАрдп рдХрд┐рдВрдкрд╕рдирдпреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдкрд╛рд╕ рдзрди рд░рд╛рд╕рд╢ рдХреА рдХреЛрдИ рдХрдореА рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реИред рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВрдЪрд╛рд╕рд╣рдП рд╕рдХ рд╡реЗрдЕрдкрдиреЗ
рдХрдорд┐рдЪрд╛рд░рд░рдпреЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рд╕рдордп рд╕реЗрд╡реЗрддрди рднрдЧреБрддрд╛рди рдХрд░редреЗрдВ рдЗрд╕ рдорд╣рд╛рдорд╛рд░реА рдореЗрдВрд╕рдмрд╕реЗрдЬреНрдпрд╛рджрд╛ рд╕рдЬрд╕реЗрд╣рд╛рд╕рди рд╣реБрдпреА рд╣реИрд╡рд╣ рд╣реИрд╕реВрдХреНрд╖реНрдо, рд▓рдШреБ
рдФрд░ рдорд╛рдзреНрдпрдо рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧред рдЗрди рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧреЛрдВ рдХреЗрдкрд╛рд╕ рдХрд╛рдпрд┐рд╢реАрд▓ рдкреВрдЬрдБ реА (Working Capital ) рдХреА рдХрдореА рд╣реЛрдиреЗрдХреЗ рдХрд╛рд░рдг рдЕрдкрдиреЗ
рдХрдорд┐рдЪрд╛рд░рд░рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рд╡реЗрддрди рд╡ рд░реЛрдЬрдЧрд╛рд░ рджреЗрдиреЗ рдореЗрдВрдкрд░рд╢реЗ рд╛рдиреА рдХрд╛ рд╕рд╛рдордирд╛ рдХрд░рдирд╛ рдкреЬ рд░рд╣рд╛ рд╣реИред рдРрд╕реЗ рдореЗрдВрднрд╛рд░рдд рд╕рд░рдХрд╛рд░ рдиреЗ
рдХреЛрд▓реИрдЯрд░рд▓ рдлреНрд░реА рдЛрдг рджреЗрдиреЗрдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдХрдИ рдЕрдиреНрдп рдорд╣рддреНрд╡рдкреВрдгрд┐рдХрджрдо рдЙрдард╛рдпреЗрд╣реИрдВред рд╕рд╛рде рд╣реА рд╕рд╛рде рдмреЬреА рдХрд┐рдВрдкрд╕рдирдпреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рд░реЛрдЬрдЧрд╛рд░
рд╕рд╕рд╕рд╕рдбреА рдЛрдг рдХреА рд╢рддрд┐рдХреЛ рд╕рд╛рдордиреЗрд░рдЦ рдХрд░ рдЛрдг рджреЗрдирд╛ рд╣реЛрдЧрд╛ред
рдЕрдм рд╕рдордп рдЖ рдЧрдпрд╛ рд╣реИрд╕рдХ рд╣рдореЗрдВ”Modernization without Westernization ” рдХреА рд╕рдирд╕рдд рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдЖрдЧреЗрдмреЭрдирд╛
рд╣реЛрдЧрд╛ред рджреЗрд╢ рдореЗрдВрдмрдиреЗрдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рджреЛрдВ рдХреА рдмреНрд╛рд┐рдВрд╕рдбрд┐рдВрдЧ рдХрд░рдиреА рд╣реЛрдЧреА рдЪрд╛рд╣реЗрд╡рд╣ рдЖрдЧрд░рд╛ рдХрд╛ рдкреЗрдард╛ рд╣реЛ рдпрд╛ рд╣рд╛рдерд░рд╕ рдХрд╛ рдЧрд▓реАрдЪрд╛ред рд╕рд╡рджреЗрд╢реА
рдХрд┐рдВрдкрд╕рдирдпрд╛рд┐рдВ рдЬреЛ рднрд╛рд░рдд рдореЗрдВрд╕рдирд╡реЗрд╢ рдХрд░рдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рддреА рд╣реИрдВ, рдЙрдирдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рдордиреЗрд╕реНрдкрд╖реНрдЯ рд╢рддрд┐рд░рдЦрдиреЗрдХреА рдЖрд╡рд╢реНрдпрдХрддрд╛ рд╣реИрд╡реЗрдХрдЪреНрдЪрд╛ рд╕рд╛рдорд╛рди
рднрд╛рд░рдд рд╕реЗрдЦрд░реАрджреЗрдВ, рд░реЛрдЬрдЧрд╛рд░ рдмреЭрд╛рдПрд┐рдВ , рд╕рдирдпрд╛рд┐рдд рдХрд░реЗрдВ, рдЗрд╕рдХреЗ рдЕрд╕рддрд░рд░рдХреНрдд рд╕рд╡рджреЗрд╢реА рдорджреНрд░реБрд╛ рдХреЛрд╖ рдореЗрдВрднреА рдЕрдкрдирд╛ рд╕рд╣рд╕реНрд╕рд╛ рджреЗрдВрдФрд░
рд░реЙрдпрдХрдЯреА рдпрд╛ рдЯреЗрд╕рдирдирдХрд▓ рдлреАрд╕ рдХреЗ рдирд╛рдо рдкрд░ рдкреИрд╕рд╛ рдмрд╛рд╣рд░ рди рднреЗрдЬреЗрдВред
рджреЗрд╢рд╡рд╛рд╕рд╕рдпреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВрд╕реНрд╡рджреЗрд╢реА рдХреЗ рдкреНрд░рд╕рдд рдЬрд╛рдЧрд╕реГрдд рдЖрдпреА рд╣реИрдФрд░ рдЙрд╕рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рд╕рд╡рджреЗрд╢реА рд╡рд╕реНрддреБрдордЦреНреБрдпрддрдГ рдЪреАрдиреА рд╡рд╕реНрддрдУреБ рд┐рдВрдХрд╛ рдкреНрд░рдпреЛрдЧ
рди рдХрд░рдиреЗрдХрд╛ рднреА рд╕рд┐рдВрдХрдХрдк рд╕рд▓рдпрд╛ рд╣реИред рд╕рдорд╛рдЬ рдореЗрдВрдирдИ рдЪреЗрддрдирд╛ рдЖрдпреА рд╣реИрдФрд░ рджреЗрд╢ рдЖрддреНрдорд╕рдирднрд┐рд░рддрд╛ рдХреА рд░рд╛рд╣ рдкрд░ рдЪрд▓рддреЗрд╣реБрдП
рдкрдиреБрдГ рдЖрд╕рдерд┐рдХ рд╡ рд╕рдорд╛рд╕рдЬрдХ рдореЛрдЪреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдордЬрдмреВрддреА рджреЗрддреЗрд╣реБрдП рд╕рд╡рд╢реНрд╡рдЧреБрд░реБ рдмрдирдиреЗрдХреА рдУрд░ рдЕрдЧреНрд░рд╕рд░ рд╣реЛрдЧрд╛ред

Politics of Lok Sabha 2019

The #MadhyaPradeshCrisis. Let me explain in Detail

Rajmata Scindia was a founding member of Jan Sangh (BJP) She wants her family to be with BJP and she use to treat Modi ji as her son. This is the root. This is why Vasundhra was never removed from CM chair and the best was, her to lose the election.

In MP Mamaji has grown more then he can chew bcoz LKA pumped gas in him that he could be a PM. This happened before LS2014. Since then Mamaji always lived with a dream that he is bigger and better than Modi

LS2019 was a very critical election and maximum seats were required from MP, RJ, C’Ghar. To get this, it was necessary for LKA cheerleaders to lose and cut to size. hence MP, RJ, C’Ghar was a strategic loss. Once lost, these 3 will work to get max seat to ensure their relevance in politics. Target achieved

Hence a script was written in 2 parts. the first part was to lose assembly election and 2nd was to get back to local govt

As soon as Kamal Nath was made CM, The 1st part script was put in execution mode.

Below is a screenshot of my April 9, 2019 tweet. The January tweet I couldn’t find which has given two options. One was Scindia as CM and Mamaji move to the center. The other was Mama ji as CM and Scindia move to center as minister

The Architect of this MP script is none other than Modi’s best friend Shri Digvijay Singh, the Chote Maharaj. Digvijay’s interest is that his pledge of destroying 10JP is inching close. He started writing the script on the day KN took the oath. This is why I admire Digvijay ji. He is THE finest politician congress had.

Hence first Chote Maharaj tip-off about Kamal Nath which lead to Raids and he was knocked out. This is called a covert operation while maintaining his closeness to KN. Rest you all are witnessing

Jai Hind

CITIZENSHIP AMENDMENT ACT: HISTORY, POLITICS, AND IT’S NEED

тАЬWhy do we need this bill today?тАЭ If we need to answer this, we should know background of this act.  Home Minister Shri Amit Shah in his Lok Sabha Speech on 9 December 2019 clarifies that, тАЬAfter independence if Congress party had not done partition on the basis of religion, then today we would have not needed this bill. Congress did partition on the basis of religion.тАЭ

If we go back to books of history, then this is not the first occasion when a government has taken the decision on citizenship. In 1971, the then Prime Minister Smt Indira Gandhi had decided to give citizenship to everyone who came from Bangladesh and also those who were cast out by Idi AminтАЩs Uganda in 1972. 

The citizenship amendment Bill that Modi government has passed in both the houses of Parliament is being opposed by cross section of opposition parties, some members of legal fraternity and a number of тАЬsecular intellectualsтАЭ.

The Citizenship Act 1955, now Citizenship (Amendment) Act 2019 says :

“Provided that any person belonging to Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi or Christian community from Afghanistan, Bangladesh or Pakistan, who entered into India on or before the 31st day of December, 2014 and who has been exempted by the Central Government by or under clause (c) of sub-section (2) of section 3 of the Passport (Entry into India) Act, 1920 or from the application of the provisions of the Foreigners Act, 1946 or any rule or order made thereunder, shall not be treated as illegal migrant for the purposes of this Act;”.  

If we go into technicalities of this Act, we need to look at the constitution of Afghanistan, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Article 2 states that in the constitution of Afghanistan that Islam is the religion of the country. There are similar provisions in the constitutions of Pakistan and Bangladesh too.

The independence of India came with tragic communal violence engulfing the life of more than a million people amidst the demand of separate Pakistan. The demand of partition was finally met by Indian Independence Act which created East and West Pakistan giving almost one third of total Indian Territory to one fifth of total Muslim population.

At the time of signing Nehru-Liaquat Pact on 8 April 1950, Dr. Shyama Prasad Mookerjee insisted that let Pakistan ensure rights of itтАЩs minorities then we should finalize our draft of minority rights. Dr. Mookerjee resigned from Nehru cabinet on 8 April 1950 itself before this agreement was signed in Delhi opposing the historical blunder.  The Nehru-Liaquat pact surrendered the fate of Hindus- Sikhs and other minorities in Pakistan in the hands of Islamic fundamentalists who targeted and tortured in every possible way.

We should also know the story of Law Ministers of India and Pakistan that they were both Dalit. The first law minister of Pakistan was Shri Jogendra Nath Mandal. The surprising thing about Shri Mandal is that he died in 1968 as a refugee in Indian state of West Bengal after resigning from the cabinet of Pakistan on 8 October 1950. His letter of resignation from the cabinet of Pakistan clearly shows the extent of atrocities and tortures did to minorities at that time.

Demography

Population by religion in Pakistan    

 MuslimsHindusSikhsChristians
194179.2%13.5%5.2%1.5%
201596.28%1.60% 1.59%

Population by religion in Bangladesh

 MuslimsHindusBuddhistsChristiansOthers
197485.4%13.5%0.6%0.3%0.1%
201190.4%8.5%0.6%0.3%0.1%

The above demographic statistics clearly shows as to what happened to minorities in these Islamic states. In Pakistan and Bangladesh, Hindus and Sikhs are on verge of extinction and the statistics are speaking for themselves about the great failure of Nehru-Liaquat pact by Pakistan when it comes to right of minorities.

As far as stands of political parties are concerned especially Congress, TMC and others, they have projected themselves as one of the major opponents of the bill. I think the Congress and its top leadership has forgotten that they have been on record to assure Hindu-Sikh and other minorities in neighboring country that India is under obligation to take care of them as per the pact in 1950. I want you to remember the promises and assurances made by Gandhi in a speech at prayer meeting in New Delhi on July 16, 1947. He said:

тАЬThere is the problem of those who fear, imaginary or real, will have to leave their own homes in Pakistan. If hindrances are created in their daily work or movement or if they are treated as foreigner in their own land, then they will not be able to stay there. In that case the duty of the adjoining province on this side of the border will be to accept them with both arms and extended to them all legitimate opportunities. They should be made to feel that they have not come to an alien land.тАЭ

Jawaharlal Nehru also assured in parliament on 05 Nov 1950 regarding citizenship to affected minorities and said:

There is no doubt, of course, that those displaced persons who have come to settle in India are bound to have the citizenship. If the law is inadequate in this respect, the law should be changed.

Along with this, Tarun Gogoi submitted a Memorandum demanding Citizenship for Hindus Migrants to Dr. Manmohan Singh on April 20, 2012.

The congress and other opposing parties should go back to their past days and do some research as to what their stand was on Citizenship, then there doubts will be clear.

What is happening today in the country is totally a disturbing picture for a common man. If I want to say in a crux, тАЬIt is 80% watching the rest 20%.тАЭ The unrest in the country is well planned by parties in opposition. There are more than 300 universities in India and what happened in Jamia Millia Islamia, Aligarh Muslim University is totally unappreciated. Who were all they who raised slogans against Hindus and pelted stones from inside the campus despite the warning and request that they are for their security and donтАЩt compel to use them force. But the intention of mob inside campus was clear to spread unrest and violence.

The propaganda are now proved false. The clips on social media clearly shows that how peaceful protestors are showing their unwell by putting bus and other public property on fire, thrashing the policemen in Delhi, Ahmedabad, Lucknow etc. The government has assured and will ensure too that those who are Indians need not to worry at all. And those who are INTRUDERS will have to say Bye Bye. ThatтАЩs clear. On a lighter note if we stay in a hotel, we need to show the identity, and we are in a country. WhatтАЩs the doubt then?

The opposition who are opposing for opposition sake like Mamata Didi in Bengal calling United Nations, Human Rights Commission etc. for referendum. One advice for Didi, Next election in Bengal is not centre v/s Didi. It will be Bengal v/s Muslims. For your good keep calm and think.

One of the criticisms of the Act is that what if 5 crore non- Muslims come to India? What about their food, shelter and jobs. Oh Please!!!! Stop shouting and go read the bill, now Act. It clearly says people who came before or on 31 December 2014 will only get citizenship not who will come at any time. Bharat is not Dharamshala. One thing at last.

 Keep calm. This is Dharmyudh.

The Chai Wala very well knows that upto what extent water needs to be boiled.

OVERSEAS SOVEREIGN BONDS: A RISK

Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman proposed an idea that Indian government would borrow some of its funds in overseas market in foreign currency citing the reason that IndiaтАЩs sovereign external debt to GDP level is among the lowest globally at less than 5%. It has attracted a lot of debate including economists as well as former Governor and Deputy Governors of Reserve Bank of India.

What are Sovereign Bonds?

Basically Sovereign bonds are the government debt securities issued in either domestic currency or foreign currency denominations such as dollars, euros and yen. Till now Government of India has only issued bonds in domestic market in rupees to finance the deficit between expenses and revenues.

Overseas Sovereign Bond: A bad idea

Even during the period of 1991 (Balance of Payment Crises), India has never resorted to large scale foreign currency borrowings. This is the reason why a sovereign bond issue is indicating a major shift in policy now. Former RBI Governors C.Rangarajan and Raghuram G Rajan are against the issuance of bonds. They argued that foreign currency debt has no real benefit and is fraught with risks. RSS affiliate and its economic think tank Swadeshi Jagran Manch has also opposed the decision for the issuance of bonds.

In the recent economic survey 2018-19, it has clearly indicated that there is lot of investment required ahead for achieving aspirational goal of the government. The huge amount of government borrowing has put the pressure on the local interest rates and availability of funds for the private sector. For the fiscal year 2019-20, the government plans to borrow at least тВ╣ 7 trillion. For this issuance of sovereign bonds in foreign currency to meet the deficit requirement partially is not the solution. We have live examples and experiences of Turkey, Indonesia and many Latin American countries who issued sovereign bonds and ended up creating liabilities.

This is a very dangerous idea for India because of foreign currency risks involved in it. That means, if rupee depreciates sharply (at present rate of rupee depreciation is 6.23%), the government ends up paying more. The rate of interest which government will be paying for bond funds will be 3.2%. The argument will be misleading that we are getting funds at cheaper rates as it not technically correct because we have to pay more than 9% for the funds as depreciation of domestic currency has to be taken into account. There is no doubt that fiscal deficit and current account deficit are high but it is a temporary concern and India does have a glide to resolve this issue.

The Alternative

The alternative to this concern is that we should rely on domestic tools and we can do it by printing more currency notes. Government should borrow form within the country at 0% rate of interest. On the other hand when we issue overseas sovereign bonds, we get dollars which are ultimately converted into rupees which cause inflation. Both of the above are parallel ideas of borrowing but the difference is at one hand the government has to pay more than 9% rate of interest and on the other hand 0% rate of interest against domestic borrowing.

But the big question remains whether government will choose domestic borrowing option or to get some theoretical benefits of bonds.

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  • Because it will help you focus you own ideas about your blog and what youтАЩd like to do with it.

The post can be short or long, a personal intro to your life or a bloggy mission statement, a manifesto for the future or a simple outline of your the types of things you hope to publish.

To help you get started, here are a few questions:

  • Why are you blogging publicly, rather than keeping a personal journal?
  • What topics do you think youтАЩll write about?
  • Who would you love to connect with via your blog?
  • If you blog successfully throughout the next year, what would you hope to have accomplished?

YouтАЩre not locked into any of this; one of the wonderful things about blogs is how they constantly evolve as we learn, grow, and interact with one another тАФ but itтАЩs good to know where and why you started, and articulating your goals may just give you a few other post ideas.

CanтАЩt think how to get started? Just write the first thing that pops into your head. Anne Lamott, author of a book on writing we love, says that you need to give yourself permission to write a тАЬcrappy first draftтАЭ. Anne makes a great point тАФ just start writing, and worry about editing it later.

When youтАЩre ready to publish, give your post three to five tags that describe your blogтАЩs focus тАФ writing, photography, fiction, parenting, food, cars, movies, sports, whatever. These tags will help others who care about your topics find you in the Reader. Make sure one of the tags is тАЬzerotohero,тАЭ so other new bloggers can find you, too.

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